Country Guide

Tunisia Facts

Geography People and Society Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Geography

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya


Geographic coordinates:
34 00 N, 9 00 E


Map references:
Africa


Area:
total:163,610 sq kmcountry comparison to the world: 93
land:155,360 sq km
water:8,250 sq km


Area - comparative:
Area comparison map: '>


Land boundaries:
total:1,424 km
border countries:Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km


Coastline:
1,148 km


Maritime claims:
territorial sea:12 nm
contiguous zone:24 nm
exclusive economic zone:12 nm


Climate:
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south


    Terrain:
mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara


Elevation extremes:
lowest point:Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point:Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m


Natural resources:
petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt


Land use:
arable land:17.35%
permanent crops:14.63%
other:68.02% (2011)


Irrigated land:
3,970 sq km (2003)


Total renewable water resources:
4.6 cu km (2011)


Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
4.6 cu km (2011)

Natural hazards:
NA


Environment - current issues:
toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification


Environment - international agreements:
party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:Marine Life Conservation


Geography - note:
strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration

People and Society

Nationality:
noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective:Tunisian


Ethnic groups:
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%


Languages:
Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight)


Religions:
Muslim (official; Sunni) 99.1%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) 1%


Population:
10,937,521 (July 2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 79


Age structure:
0-14 years:23% (male 1,298,262/female 1,219,086)
15-24 years:16% (male 879,755/female 871,954)
25-54 years:44.6% (male 2,373,765/female 2,509,750)
55-64 years:8.4% (male 468,278/female 454,170)
65 years and over:7.7% (male 423,350/female 439,151) (2014 est.)


Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:43.9 %
youth dependency ratio:33.4 %
elderly dependency ratio:10.5 %
potential support ratio:9.5 (2014 est.)


Median age:
total:31.4 years
male:31 years
female:31.8 years (2014 est.)


Population growth rate:
0.92% (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 126


Birth rate:
16.9 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 112


Death rate:
5.94 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 167


Net migration rate:
-1.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 161


Urbanization:
urban population:66.3% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization:1.34% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)


Major urban areas - population:
TUNIS (capital) 790,000 (2011)


Sex ratio:
at birth:1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years:1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years:1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years:0.95 male(s)/female
55-64 years:0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.96 male(s)/female
total population:0.99 male(s)/female (2014 est.)


Maternal mortality rate:
56 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)


Infant mortality rate:
total:23.19 deaths/1,000 live birthscountry comparison to the world: 78
male:26.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female:19.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)


    Life expectancy at birth:
total population:75.68 yearscountry comparison to the world: 92
male:73.6 years
female:77.9 years (2014 est.)


Total fertility rate:
2 children born/woman (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 126


Contraceptive prevalence rate:
63% (2012)


Health expenditures:
6.2% of GDP (2011)


Physicians density:
1.22 physicians/1,000 population (2010)


Hospital bed density:
2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010)


Drinking water source:
improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 90.5% of population
total: 96.8% of population
unimproved:
urban: 0% of population
rural: 9.5% of population
total: 3.2% of population (2012 est.)


Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban: 97.4% of population
rural: 76.6% of population
total: 90.4% of population
unimproved:
urban: 2.6% of population
rural: 23.4% of population
total: 9.6% of population (2012 est.)


HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 147


HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,300 (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 138


HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 147


Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
22.3% (2008)country comparison to the world: 80


Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
3.3% (2006)country comparison to the world: 110


Education expenditures:
6.2% of GDP (2012)country comparison to the world: 38

Literacy:
definition:age 15 and over can read and write
total population:79.1%
male:87.4%
female:71.1% (2010 est.)


School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:15 years
male:14 years
female:15 years (2010)


Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:42.3% (2011)country comparison to the world: 10

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Tunisian Republic
conventional short form:Tunisia
local long form:Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form:Tunis


Government type:
republic


Capital:
name:Tunis
geographic coordinates:36 48 N, 10 11 E
time difference:UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)


Administrative divisions:
24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)


Independence:
20 March 1956 (from France)


National holiday:
Independence Day, 20 March (1956); Revolution and Youth Day, 14 January (2011)


Constitution:
several previous; latest approved by Constituent Assembly 26 January 2014 (2014)


Legal system:
mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code, and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session


International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt


Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months


Executive branch:
note:the interim government remains in power pending a general election slated for late 2014
chief of state:President Moncef MARZOUKI (since 12 December 2011)
head of government:Prime Minister Mehdi JOMAA (since 29 January 2014)
cabinet:selected by the prime minister and approved by the Constituent Assembly
elections:president elected by Constituent Assembly; election last held on 12 December 2011 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president
election results:President MARZOUKI re-elected president; Constituent Assembly vote - 153 of 156


Legislative branch:
unicameral Constituent Assembly (217 seats); note - the legislative role of the Constituent Assembly remains unclear
elections:initial election of 217 Constituent Assembly members held on 23 October 2011 (next to be held NA)
election results:percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - al-Nahda 89, CPR 29, Popular Petition 26, FDTL 20, PDP 16, PDM 5, The Initiative 5, Afek Tounes 4, PCOT 3, other minor parties each with fewer than three seats 20


Judicial branch:
highest court(s):Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (organized into civil and criminal chambers and consists of NA judges)
judge selection and term of office:judges nominated by the Higher Magistracy Council (also called the Superior Council of the Judiciary), a 7-member body of judges and prosecutors; judges appointed by presidential decree; judge tenure NA
subordinate courts:Administrative Court; Courts of Appeal; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts


    Political parties and leaders:
Afek Tounes [Emna MINF]
Alliance for Tunisia (a coalition of Tunisia's Call [Beji Caid ESSEBSI], Republican Party [Maya JRIBI and Najib CHBBI],Democratic Path [Ahmed BRAHIM])
al-Nahda (The Renaissance) [Rachid GHANNOUCHI]
Congress Party for the Republic or CPR [Moncef MARZOUKI]
Democratic Forum for Labor and Liberties or FDTL (Ettakatol) [Mustapha Ben JAAFAR]
Democratic Modernist Pole or PDM (a coalition)
Democratic Socialist Movement or MDS
Et-Tajdid Movement [Ahmed IBRAHIM]
Green Party for Progress or PVP [Mongi KHAMASSI]
Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mondher THABET]
Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]
Popular Petition (Aridha Chaabia) [Hachemi HAMDI]
Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA]
Progressive Democratic Party or PDP [Maya JERIBI]
The Initiative [Kamel MORJANE] (formerly the Constitutional Democratic Rally or RCD)
Tunisian Workers' Communist Party or PCOT [Hamma HAMMAMI]
Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]


Political pressure groups and leaders:
18 October Group [collective leadership]; Tunisian League for Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI]; Tunisian General Labor Union or UGTT [Hassine ABASSI]


International organization participation:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO


Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Mhamed Ezzine CHELAIFA (since 10 March 2014)
chancery:1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone:[1] (202) 862-1850
FAX:[1] (202) 862-1858


Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Jake WALLES (since 24 July 2012)
embassy:Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis 1053
mailing address:use embassy street address
telephone:[216] 71 107-000
FAX:[216] 71 963-263


Flag description:
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam


National symbol(s):
encircled red star and crescent


National anthem:
name:'Humat Al Hima' (Defenders of the Homeland)

lyrics/music:Mustafa Sadik AL-RAFII and Aboul-Qacem ECHEBBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
note:adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates

Economy

Economy - overview:
Tunisia's diverse, market-oriented economy has long been cited as a success story in Africa and the Middle East, but it faces an array of challenges during the country's ongoing political transition. Following an ill-fated experiment with socialist economic policies in the 1960s, Tunisia embarked on a successful strategy focused on bolstering exports, foreign investment, and tourism, all of which have become central to the country's economy. Key exports now include textiles and apparel, food products, petroleum products, chemicals, and phosphates, with about 80% of exports bound for Tunisia's main economic partner, the European Union. Tunisia's liberal strategy, coupled with investments in education and infrastructure, fueled decades of 4-5% annual GDP growth and improving living standards. Former President (1987-2011) Zine el Abidine BEN ALI continued these policies, but as his reign wore on cronyism and corruption stymied economic performance and unemployment rose among the country's growing ranks of university graduates. These grievances contributed to the January 2011 overthrow of BEN ALI, sending Tunisia's economy into a tailspin as tourism and investment declined sharply. During 2012 and 2013, the Tunisian Government’s focus on the political transition led to a neglect of the economy that resulted in several downgrades of Tunisia’s credit rating. As the economy recovers, Tunisia's government faces challenges reassuring businesses and investors, bringing budget and current account deficits under control, shoring up the country's financial system, bringing down high unemployment, and reducing economic disparities between the more developed coastal region and the impoverished interior.


GDP (purchasing power parity):
$108.4 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
$105.4 billion (2012 est.)
$101.8 billion (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


GDP (official exchange rate):
$48.38 billion (2013 est.)


GDP - real growth rate:
2.8% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
3.6% (2012 est.)
-1.9% (2011 est.)


GDP - per capita (PPP):
$9,900 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
$9,800 (2012 est.)
$9,500 (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


Gross national saving:
26.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
25.4% of GDP (2012 est.)
24.1% of GDP (2011 est.)


GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:66.5%
government consumption:18.4%
investment in fixed capital:22.6%
investment in inventories:3.5%
exports of goods and services:49.2%
imports of goods and services:-60.1%
(2013 est.)


GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:8.6%
industry:30.4%
services:61% (2013 est.)


Agriculture - products:
olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef, dairy products


Industries:
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages


Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104

Labor force:
3.974 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91


Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:18.3%
industry:31.9%
services:49.8% (2009 est.)


Unemployment rate:
17.2% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
17.4% (2012 est.)


Population below poverty line:
3.8% (2005 est.)


Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:2.3%
highest 10%:31.5% (2000)


    Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40 (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
41.7 (1995 est.)


Budget:
revenues:$12.16 billion
expenditures:$15.8 billion (2013 est.)


Taxes and other revenues:
25.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 128

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-7.5% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188


Public debt:
51.1% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
46.1% of GDP (2012 est.)


Fiscal year:
calendar year


Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.1% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
5.6% (2012 est.)


Central bank discount rate:
5.75% (31 December 2010 est.)


Commercial bank prime lending rate:
7.31% (31 December 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
6.76% (31 December 2011 est.)


Stock of narrow money:
$13.08 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
$13.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of broad money:
$29.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$30.72 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of domestic credit:
$35.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
$36.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Market value of publicly traded shares:
$8.887 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Current account balance:
-$4.556 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
-$3.773 billion (2012 est.)


Exports:
$17.46 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
$17.07 billion (2012 est.)


Exports - commodities:
clothing, semi-finished goods and textiles, agricultural products, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, hydrocarbons, electrical equipment


Exports - partners:
France 26.2%, Italy 16%, Germany 9.4%, Libya 7.6%, US 4.3% (2012)


Imports:
$24.95 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
$23.1 billion (2012 est.)


Imports - commodities:
textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs


Imports - partners:
France 19.8%, Italy 16.7%, Germany 7.3%, China 6%, Spain 5.3%, Algeria 4.4% (2012)


Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$8.113 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
$8.36 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Debt - external:
$26.95 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
$24.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$34.64 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
$33.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$295 million (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
$285 million (31 December 2012 est.)


Exchange rates:
Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar -
1.638 (2013 est.)
1.5619 (2012 est.)
1.4314 (2010 est.)
1.3503 (2009)
1.211 (2008)

Energy

Electricity - production:
15.14 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81


Electricity - consumption:
13.29 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82


Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204


Electricity - imports:
19 million kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106


Electricity - installed generating capacity:
3.652 million kW (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83


Electricity - from fossil fuels:
96.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65


Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190


Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
1.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139


Electricity - from other renewable sources:
1.5% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79


Crude oil - production:
68,310 bbl/day (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56


Crude oil - exports:
77,980 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42


Crude oil - imports:
3,680 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80


    Crude oil - proved reserves:
425 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52


Refined petroleum products - production:
11,170 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103


Refined petroleum products - consumption:
88,380 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82


Refined petroleum products - exports:
3,391 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96


Refined petroleum products - imports:
80,980 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56


Natural gas - production:
1.93 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58


Natural gas - consumption:
3.28 billion cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69


Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194


Natural gas - imports:
1.78 billion cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51


Natural gas - proved reserves:
65.13 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60


Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
20.52 million Mt (2011 est.)

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.105 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 71


Telephones - mobile cellular:
12.84 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 68


Telephone system:
general assessment:above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; telephone network is completely digitized; Internet access available throughout the country
domestic:in an effort to jumpstart expansion of the fixed-line network, the government has awarded a concession to build and operate a VSAT network with international connectivity; rural areas are served by wireless local loops; competition between the two mobile-cellular service providers has resulted in lower activation and usage charges and a strong surge in subscribership; a third mobile, fixed, and ISP operator was licensed in 2009 and began offering services in 2010; expansion of mobile-cellular services to include multimedia messaging and e-mail and Internet to mobile phone services also leading to a surge in subscribership; overall fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity has reached about 125 telephones per 100 persons
international:country code - 216; a landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable system that provides links to Europe, Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; 2 international gateway digital switches (2011)



    Broadcast media:
broadcast media is mainly government-controlled; the state-run Tunisian Radio and Television Establishment (ERTT) operates 2 national TV networks, several national radio networks, and a number of regional radio stations; 1 TV and 3 radio stations are privately owned and report domestic news stories directly from the official Tunisian news agency; the state retains control of broadcast facilities and transmitters through L'Office National de la Telediffusion; Tunisians also have access to Egyptian, pan-Arab, and European satellite TV channels (2007)


Internet country code:
.tn


Internet hosts:
576 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 180


Internet users:
3.5 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 60

Transportation

Airports
29 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 118


Airports - with paved runways
total:15
over 3,047 m:4
2,438 to 3,047 m:6
1,524 to 2,437 m:2
914 to 1,523 m:3 (2013)


Airports - with unpaved runways
total:14
1,524 to 2,437 m:1
914 to 1,523 m:5
under 914 m:
8 (2013)


Pipelines
condensate 68 km; gas 3,111 km; oil 1,381 km; refined products 453 km (2013)


Railways
total:2,165 km (1,991 in use)country comparison to the world: 69
standard gauge:471 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge:1,694 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified) (2011)


    Roadways
total:19,418 kmcountry comparison to the world: 112
paved:14,756 km (includes 357 km of expressways)
unpaved:4,662 km (2010)


Merchant marine
total:9country comparison to the world: 116
by type:bulk carrier 1, cargo 2, passenger/cargo 4, roll on/roll off 2 (2010)



Ports and terminals
major seaport(s):Bizerte, Gabes, Rades, Sfax, Skhira

Military

Military branches
Tunisian Armed Forces (Forces Armees Tunisiens, FAT): Tunisian Army (includes Tunisian Air Defense Force), Tunisian Navy, Republic of Tunisia Air Force (Al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Jamahiriyah At'Tunisia) (2012)


Military service age and obligation
20-23 years of age for compulsory service, one year service obligation; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service; Tunisian nationality required (2012)


Manpower available for military service
males age 16-49:2,846,572
females age 16-49:2,952,180 (2010 est.)


Manpower fit for military service
males age 16-49:2,397,716
females age 16-49:2,484,097 (2010 est.)


    Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
male:90,436
female:87,346 (2010 est.)


Military expenditures
1.55% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 58
1.34% of GDP (2011)
1.55% of GDP (2010)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international
none


    Trafficking in persons

 Information/ Data by CIA - The World Factbook

LookForAttorney.com | Country Guide of Senegal

Country Guide

Senegal Facts

Geography People and Society Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Transnational Issues

Geography

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania


Geographic coordinates:
14 00 N, 14 00 W


Map references:
Africa


Area:
total:196,722 sq kmcountry comparison to the world: 88
land:192,530 sq km
water:4,192 sq km


Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Dakota


Land boundaries:
total:2,640 km
border countries:The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km


Coastline:
531 km


Maritime claims:
territorial sea:12 nm
contiguous zone:24 nm
exclusive economic zone:200 nm
continental shelf:200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin


Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind


    Terrain:
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast


Elevation extremes:
lowest point:Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point:unnamed elevation southwest of Kedougou 581 m


Natural resources:
fish, phosphates, iron ore


Land use:
arable land:19.57%
permanent crops:0.28%
other:80.15% (2011)


Irrigated land:
1,197 sq km (2003)


Total renewable water resources:
38.8 cu km (2011)


Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
38.8 cu km (2011)

Natural hazards:
lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts


Environment - current issues:
wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing


Environment - international agreements:
party to:Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:none of the selected agreements


Geography - note:
westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave within Senegal

People and Society

Nationality:
noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective:Senegalese


Ethnic groups:
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%


Languages:
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka


Religions:
Muslim 94% (most adhere to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods), Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic), indigenous beliefs 1%


Population:
13,635,927 (July 2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 73


Age structure:
0-14 years:42.5% (male 2,908,431/female 2,880,258)
15-24 years:20.5% (male 1,388,530/female 1,401,109)
25-54 years:30.4% (male 1,892,403/female 2,253,576)
55-64 years:3.8% (male 225,942/female 289,920)
65 years and over:2.9% (male 179,444/female 216,314) (2014 est.)


Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio:86.5 %
youth dependency ratio:81 %
elderly dependency ratio:5.5 %
potential support ratio:18.2 (2014 est.)


Median age:
total:18.4 years
male:17.5 years
female:19.3 years (2014 est.)


Population growth rate:
2.48% (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 32


Birth rate:
35.09 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 25


Death rate:
8.65 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 74


Net migration rate:
-1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 159


Urbanization:
urban population:42.5% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization:3.32% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)


Major urban areas - population:
DAKAR (capital) 3.035 million (2011)


Sex ratio:
at birth:1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years:1.01 male(s)/female
15-24 years:0.99 male(s)/female
25-54 years:0.84 male(s)/female
55-64 years:0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over:0.85 male(s)/female
total population:0.94 male(s)/female (2014 est.)


Mother's mean age at first birth:
21.4


Maternal mortality rate:
370 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)


Infant mortality rate:
total:52.72 deaths/1,000 live birthscountry comparison to the world: 35
male:58.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female:46.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)


    Life expectancy at birth:
total population:60.95 yearscountry comparison to the world: 192
male:58.94 years
female:63.02 years (2014 est.)


Total fertility rate:
4.52 children born/woman (2014 est.)country comparison to the world: 29


Contraceptive prevalence rate:
13.1% (2010/11)


Health expenditures:
6% of GDP (2011)


Physicians density:
0.06 physicians/1,000 population (2008)


Hospital bed density:
0.3 beds/1,000 population (2008)


Drinking water source:
improved:
urban: 92.5% of population
rural: 60.3% of population
total: 74.1% of population
unimproved:
urban: 7.5% of population
rural: 39.7% of population
total: 25.9% of population (2012 est.)


Sanitation facility access:
improved:
urban: 67.1% of population
rural: 40.5% of population
total: 51.9% of population
unimproved:
urban: 32.9% of population
rural: 59.5% of population
total: 48.1% of population (2012 est.)


HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.5% (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 68


HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
42,800 (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 64


HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,900 (2012 est.)country comparison to the world: 60


Major infectious diseases:


Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
6.8% (2008)country comparison to the world: 145


Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
14.4% (2012)country comparison to the world: 51


Education expenditures:
5.6% of GDP (2010)country comparison to the world: 53

Literacy:
definition:age 15 and over can read and write
total population:49.7%
male:61.8%
female:38.7% (2009 est.)


School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total:8 years
male:8 years
female:8 years (2010)


Child labor - children ages 5-14:



Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
total:14.8%country comparison to the world: 83
male:11.9%
female:20.1% (2006)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form:Senegal
local long form:Republique du Senegal
local short form:Senegal
former:Senegambia (along with The Gambia), Mali Federation


Government type:
republic


Capital:
name:Dakar
geographic coordinates:14 44 N, 17 38 W
time difference:UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)


Administrative divisions:
14 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor


Independence:
4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960


National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 April (1960)


Constitution:
previous 1959 (preindependence), 1963; latest adopted by referendum 7 January 2001, promulgated 22 January 2001; amended many times, last in 2008 (2011)


Legal system:
civil law system based on French law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court


International law organization participation:
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction


Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal


Executive branch:
chief of state:President Macky SALL (since 2 April 2012)
head of government:Prime Minister Aminata TOURE (since 3 September 2013)
cabinet:Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president
elections:president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 February 2012 with a second round runoff on 25 March 2012 (next to be held 2019); prime minister appointed by the president
election results:Macky SALL elected president; percent of votes in a runoff - Macky SALL 65.8%, Abdoulaye WADE 34.2%


Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (150 seats; 90 members elected by direct popular vote and 60 elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve five-year terms)
elections:National Assembly - last held on 1 July 2012 (next to be held in 2017)
election results:National Assembly results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Benno Bokk Yakaar coalition 119, PDS 12, Bokk Giss Giss coalition 4, MCRN-Bes Du Nakk 4, PVD 2, MRDS 2, URD 1, AJ/PADS 1, other 5


Judicial branch:
highest court(s):Highest Appeals Court or Cour de Cassation (consists of 13 judges including the court president); Constitutional Council (consists of 5 members including the court president, vice-president, and 3 judges)
judge selection and term of office:Highest Appeals Court judges' tenure NA; Constitutional Council members appointed by the president of the republic to serve 6-year terms with renewal of 3 members every two years
subordinate courts:Court of Appeals; regional and first instance courts


Political parties and leaders:
African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]
Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar [Macky SALL]
Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]
And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Landing SAVANE]
Benno Bokk Yakaar coaltion [Macky SALL]
Benno Siggil Senegal (a coalition of opposition parties)
Bokk Giss Giss coalition [Pape DIOP]
Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk
Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]
Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]
Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]
Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]
Jef-Jel [Talla SYLLA]
National Democratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF]
Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Ahmadou Kara MBACKE]
People's Labor Party or PTP [El Hadji DIOUF]
Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim AGNE]
Republican Movement for Socialism and Democracy or MRDS
Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]
Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]
Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]
SOPI Coalition [Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS)
Synergy for Ethics and Transparency [Aminata TALL]
Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]


    Political pressure groups and leaders:
African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]
Alliance for the Republic-Yakaar [Macky SALL]
Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]
And-Jef/African Party for Democracy and Socialism or AJ/PADS [Landing SAVANE]
Benno Bokk Yakaar coaltion [Macky SALL]
Benno Siggil Senegal (a coalition of opposition parties)
Bokk Giss Giss coalition [Pape DIOP]
Citizen Movement for National Reform or MCRN-Bes Du Nakk
Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]
Front for Socialism and Democracy/Benno Jubel or FSD/BJ [Cheikh Abdoulaye Bamba DIEYE]
Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]
Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]
Jef-Jel [Talla SYLLA]
National Democratic Rally or RND [Madior DIOUF]
Party for Truth and Development or PVD [Ahmadou Kara MBACKE]
People's Labor Party or PTP [El Hadji DIOUF]
Reform Party or PR [Abdourahim AGNE]
Republican Movement for Socialism and Democracy or MRDS
Rewmi Party [Idrissa SECK]
Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]
Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]
SOPI Coalition [Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS)
Synergy for Ethics and Transparency [Aminata TALL]
Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]



International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, CPLP (associate), ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO


Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Cheikh NIANG (since 13 July 2012)
embassy:2215 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:[1] (202) 234-0540
FAX:[1] (202) 332-6315
consulate(s) general:Houston, New York


Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission:Ambassador Lewis LUKENS (since 11 July 2011) note - also accredited to Guinea-Bissau
embassy:Route des Almadies, Dakar
mailing address:B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone:[221] 33-879-4000
FAX:[221] 33-822-2991


Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; green represents Islam, progress, and hope; yellow signifies natural wealth and progress; red symbolizes sacrifice and determination; the star denotes unity and hope


National symbol(s):
lion


National anthem:
name:'Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons' (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)

lyrics/music:Leopold Sedar SENGHOR/Herbert PEPPER
note:adopted 1960; the lyrics were written by Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, Senegal's first president; the anthem is sometimes played incorporating the Koras (harp-like stringed instruments) and Balafons (types of xylophones) mentioned in the title

Economy

Economy - overview:
Senegal’s economy is driven by agriculture and that sector is the primary source of employment for the rural areas. The country's key export industries are phosphate mining, fertilizer production, and commercial fishing. The country is also working on iron ore and oil exploration projects. senegal relies heavily on donor assistance and foreign direct investment. President Macky SALL, who was elected in March 2012 under a reformist policy agenda, inherited an economy with a weak infrastructure, challenging business environment, and a culture of overspending that still plagued the country in 2013. The IMF completed a non-dispersing, Policy Support Initiative program in December 2010 and approved a new three-year policy support instrument to assist with economic reforms. The economy continues to suffer from unreliable power supplies and rising costs of living, which has led to public protests and high unemployment and has prompted migrants to flee Senegal in search of better job opportunities in Europe.


GDP (purchasing power parity):
$27.72 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
$26.65 billion (2012 est.)
$25.74 billion (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


GDP (official exchange rate):
$15.36 billion (2013 est.)


GDP - real growth rate:
4% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
3.5% (2012 est.)
2.6% (2011 est.)


GDP - per capita (PPP):
$2,100 (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193
$2,000 (2012 est.)
$2,000 (2011 est.)
note:data are in 2013 US dollars


Gross national saving:
22.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
19.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
20.2% of GDP (2011 est.)


GDP - composition, by end use:
household consumption:81.8%
government consumption:9%
investment in fixed capital:31%
investment in inventories:0%
exports of goods and services:25.6%
imports of goods and services:-47.4%
(2013 est.)


GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
agriculture:14.9%
industry:22.7%
services:62.4% (2013 est.)


Agriculture - products:
peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish


Industries:
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining; iron ore, zircon, and gold mining, construction materials, ship construction and repair


Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106

Labor force:
6.096 million (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67


Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture:77.5%
industry and services:22.5% (2007 est.)


Unemployment rate:
48% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 195

Population below poverty line:
54% (2001 est.)


Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:2.5%
highest 10%:30.1% (2005)


    Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41.3 (2001)
country comparison to the world: 52
41.3 (1995)


Budget:
revenues:$3.555 billion
expenditures:$4.366 billion (2013 est.)


Taxes and other revenues:
23.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):
-5.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172


Public debt:
38.4% of GDP (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
38.8% of GDP (2012 est.)


Fiscal year:
calendar year


Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.8% (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
1.4% (2012 est.)


Central bank discount rate:
0.25% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
4.25% (31 December 2009 est.)


Commercial bank prime lending rate:
13.8% (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
14.3% (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of narrow money:
$3.809 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
$3.577 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of broad money:
$6.193 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
$5.826 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Stock of domestic credit:
$4.574 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
$4.509 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA


Current account balance:
-$1.291 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
-$1.618 billion (2012 est.)


Exports:
$2.691 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
$2.382 billion (2012 est.)


Exports - commodities:
fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton


Exports - partners:
Mali 14.4%, Switzerland 14.1%, India 11.9%, France 4.7%, Guinea 4.2% (2012)


Imports:
$5.61 billion (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
$5.733 billion (2012 est.)


Imports - commodities:
food and beverages, capital goods, fuels


Imports - partners:
France 16.2%, Nigeria 12.9%, India 6.3%, China 6.3%, UK 4.6% (2012)


Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.15 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
$2.082 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Debt - external:
$4.375 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
$4.221 billion (31 December 2012 est.)


Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
500.7 (2013 est.)
510.53 (2012 est.)
495.28 (2010)
472.19 (2009)
447.81 (2008)

Energy

Electricity - production:
2.769 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130


Electricity - consumption:
2.22 billion kWh (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138


Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192


Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196


Electricity - installed generating capacity:
638,000 kW (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132


Electricity - from fossil fuels:
99.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47


Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175


Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 197


Electricity - from other renewable sources:
0.3% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90


Crude oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 211


Crude oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178


Crude oil - imports:
15,500 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72


    Crude oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184


Refined petroleum products - production:
15,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99


Refined petroleum products - consumption:
40,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107


Refined petroleum products - exports:
562 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110


Refined petroleum products - imports:
23,760 bbl/day (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98


Natural gas - production:
20 million cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89


Natural gas - consumption:
20 million cu m (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110


Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179


Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126


Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m
country comparison to the world: 190


Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
7.088 million Mt (2011 est.)

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
338,200 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 110


Telephones - mobile cellular:
11.47 million (2012)
country comparison to the world: 73


Telephone system:
general assessment:good system with microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
domestic:above-average urban system with a fiber-optic network; nearly two-thirds of all fixed-line connections are in Dakar where a call-center industry is emerging; expansion of fixed-line services in rural areas needed; mobile-cellular service is expanding rapidly
international:country code - 221; the SAT-3/WASC fiber-optic cable provides connectivity to Europe and Asia while Atlantis-2 provides connectivity to South America; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)



    Broadcast media:
state-run Radiodiffusion Television Senegalaise (RTS) operates 2 TV stations; a few private TV subscription channels rebroadcast foreign channels without providing any local news or programs; RTS operates a national radio network and a number of regional FM stations; many community and private-broadcast radio stations are available; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are accessible on FM in Dakar (2007)


Internet country code:
.sn


Internet hosts:
237 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 197


Internet users:
1.818 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 76

Transportation

Airports
20 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 136


Airports - with paved runways
total:9
over 3,047 m:2
1,524 to 2,437 m:6
914 to 1,523 m:1 (2013)


Airports - with unpaved runways
total:11
1,524 to 2,437 m:7
914 to 1,523 m:3
under 914 m:
1 (2013)


Pipelines
gas 43 km; refined products 8 km (2013)


Railways
total:906 kmcountry comparison to the world: 92
narrow gauge:906 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)


    Roadways
total:14,008 kmcountry comparison to the world: 125
paved:4,099 km (includes 7 km of expressways)
unpaved:9,909 km (2003)


Waterways
1,000 km (primarily on the Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 64


Merchant marine
total:1country comparison to the world: 150
by type:passenger/cargo 1 (2010)



Ports and terminals
major seaport(s):Dakar

Military

Military branches
Senegalese Armed Forces: Army, Senegalese National Navy (Marine Senegalaise, MNS), Senegalese Air Force (Armee de l'Air du Senegal) (2013)


Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for voluntary military service; 20 years of age for selective conscript service; service obligation is 2 years; women have been accepted into military service since 2008 (2013)


Manpower available for military service
males age 16-49:2,699,196
females age 16-49:3,018,565 (2010 est.)


    Manpower fit for military service
males age 16-49:1,788,493
females age 16-49:2,133,370 (2010 est.)


Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually
male:145,509
female:145,064 (2010 est.)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatist violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling into their countries from southern Senegal's Casamance region


Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin):13,703 (Mauritania) (2013)
IDPs:up to 24,000 (clashes between government troops and separatists in Casamance region) (2013)



    Illicit drugs
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis
 Information/ Data by CIA - The World Factbook