Juvenile law governs the treatment of under-age who committed crimes. Under the law, a juvenile delinquent is someone under 18 years old who committed a crime or who violated rules. Juvenile delinquent is used interchangeably with youth offenders or delinquent minors. Juvenile minors, as they are often also called, have their own courts and are not treated the same way as adult criminal offenders due to the fact that minors need more guidance and care from the state.

Application of juvenile law vary on a state to state basis. The main precept is that the state is obligated to provide care and protection for the children within the state under the doctrine of parens patriae. Most, but not all, states have a juvenile code that brings together all rules and regulations governing the treatment, custody, and supervision of minor offenders. The federal government enacted the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act of 1968 to address the increasing incidences of minors committing crimes and the negative effects on minors when placed in mainstream correctional facilities. The federal legislation provides guidelines that should be complied with by the states in their application of their own sets of juvenile laws.

To be considered a juvenile delinquent also varies from state to state. State juvenile codes differ in their definitions of what are considered juvenile delinquent acts. In some states, mere disobedience from parents is considered a juvenile delinquent act. In other states, school truancy and curfew violations are considered juvenile delinquent acts. In all cases, drinking alcohol is a juvenile delinquent act.

Due to the age and, often times, the level of maturity of, the minor offender, cases dealing with juvenile delinquents are delicate and sensitive. Hearings on juvenile delinquency cases are done in a confidential manner in order to protect the child. Courts also do not conduct the hearings like a typical criminal trial where the accused is subjected to thorough examination and cross examination. In juvenile delinquency cases, child specialists such as psychiatrists and counselors are employed to help adjudicate the cases with the goal of rehabilitation, rather than punishment. Juvenile delinquents are afforded the same, if not, more rights than adults who are accused of committing crimes. For most juvenile delinquent acts, the penalty would be paying a fine, community service or counseling.

The minor can also be sent to home confinement, to a foster group or to a special juvenile detention centers. Minors are provided separate facilities and are aided with social workers and probation officers whose goal is to help the juvenile avoid a life of crime. In rare juvenile delinquency cases, such as when the minor commits murder, the accused is sent to adult prisons, although they are still given separate facilities by virtue of their age. States have not agreed as to a uniform age when minors should be held responsible for their criminal behavior.

Being charged with delinquent acts is not easy especially for minors who, most often, do not know an inch of the law. They are vulnerable to abuses of the legal system if not represented by expert juvenile law attorneys.

Business law governs the operation of businesses, from its formation (business organization) to its demise (bankruptcy or liquidation). Business law also governs the transactions between businesses, between business and government, and between business and the public. Traditionally, business law encompasses certain areas of law, such as business organizations, tax law, securities regulation, finance law, and bankruptcy. Business law, however, has developed through the years to include many other branches of law, such as environmental law, advertising law, intellectual property law, and labor law. With the advent of online selling, business law has expanded its claw to virtual stores, subjecting them to similar, if not the same, rules and regulations as brick-and-mortar businesses.

Business law attorneys are hired for transactional work. This means, they do not represent clients in court. Rather, business law attorneys are hired to prevent the business from getting into litigation. One of the major work done by business law attorneys is the drafting of contracts. Business law attorneys need to be experts in numerous areas of the law to make sure that a contract is drafted in accordance with the Uniform Commercial Code adopted in a specific jurisdiction. A well-executed contract means a business and the counterparty is confident that both of them will perform their obligations in accordance with the contract.

Formation of a business is a tedious job that needs the expertise of business law attorneys. Even before a business opens its doors for trading, it needs to be compliant with numerous laws regulations. Non-compliance of these regulations would mean no permit for trading or the imposition of sanctions. Choosing the type of business -- single proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and limited liability companies -- alone is already a daunting task that can only be undertaken by someone who is knowledgeable of the matter. A business can be further customized -- to "S-corps" as save taxes, or "limited partnerships" for some owners to participate solely as investors -- depending on the needs of the company. For most companies, the primary purpose in selecting a certain business form is to protect the owners from individual liability. Without the assistance of an expert business law attorney, owners may be putting all of their personal assets within the reach of creditors should they choose a business form without prior expert counsel. In addition to the formation of a business, expert counsel from business law attorneys is also needed in the drafting of internal agreements on how a company should be managed. Internal agreements are sensitive documents as it governs how owners will share profits and losses, make important decisions, and transfer ownership rights.

Another complicated matter that could arise in the operation of a business would be commercial transactions. Business owners are capable of dealing with certain commercial transactions; however, there are commercial transactions that are too complicated and touches on evolving areas of law that an expert counsel must be sought upon. These transactions may involve such laws as securities regulation or internet commerce. Aside from providing transactional services to a company, business law attorneys also provide an objective insight on the company that business owners may fail to possess as they often put their hearts into managing their business.